How do open-loop control systems differ from closed-loop systems?

Open-loop control systems are characterized by their lack of feedback to adjust their operation based on the output. In these systems, the input command is executed without any reference to the output performance; once the command is sent, the system operates independently of the output results. This characteristic allows for straightforward and often faster decision-making processes where stability, predictability, and speed are required, but it limits the system's ability to correct any deviations from expected performance.

In contrast, closed-loop systems incorporate feedback, meaning they continuously monitor the output and adjust their inputs accordingly to achieve desired setpoints. This feedback allows closed-loop systems to correct any errors between the desired and actual output, making them more adaptable and accurate in maintaining performance under variable conditions. Therefore, the fundamental distinction lies in the presence of feedback mechanisms that closed-loop systems utilize to enhance control and reliability, whereas open-loop systems do not leverage such mechanisms.